He also notes that outright lies are much less common in politics than are exaggeration, spin, and insinuation. How can I improve my active listening skills? Jodie: Oh that's tough. But in some situations where we wouldnt normally consider taking notes, a little awkwardness might be worth it for the sake of understanding and recalling the information. Our thoughts and experiences back up inside of us, and getting them out helps us maintain a positive balance (Nelson, Jones, 2006). Make a list of the behaviors that you think a listening leader would exhibit. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". Active listeners make strategic choices and take action in order to set up ideal listening conditions. Hosted by editor-in-chief and therapist Amy Morin, LCSW, this episode of The Verywell Mind Podcast shares the value of listening to others, featuring psychiatrist Mark Goulston. Here are seven active listening techniques to consider. When you practice active listening, you are fully engaged and immersed in what the other person is saying. Combining active and empathetic listening leads to active-empathetic listening. Active listening is the process of pairing outwardly visible positive listening behaviors with positive cognitive listening practices and is characterized by mentally preparing yourself to listen, working to maintain focus on concentration, using appropriate verbal and nonverbal back-channel cues to signal attentiveness, and engaging in strategies like note taking and mentally reorganizing information to help with recall. What are my goals for listening to this message?, How does this message relate to me / affect my life?, What listening type and style are most appropriate for this message?, Be prepared to process challenging messages. Here are a few ways to be a better active listener yourself, or to encourage others to do the same: If you find that you are having trouble with listening, you might benefit from professional treatment. To show the person you're truly tuned in, use open, non-threatening body language. Jodie: No problem! Active listening is an important social skill that has value in many different settings. This fact puts much of political discourse into an ethical gray area that can be especially difficult for even professional fact checkers to evaluate. He may as well as also ask questions to the things he didn't quite catch, however, ignoring means one is not paying attention and NOT listening actively. 10 Tips for Improving Your Nonverbal Communication, Understanding Body Language and Facial Expressions, How to Maintain Interpersonal Relationships, Effects of Conflict and Stress on Relationships. After all, what does an open-door policy mean if it is not coupled with actions that demonstrate the sincerity of the policy? ' Active listening ' means, as its name suggests, actively listening. Which of the following kinds of communication do students spend most time engaged in: a. listening. One way to reflect what you've heard is to paraphrase. For college students, who often have some flexibility in their class schedules, knowing when you best listen can help you make strategic choices regarding what class to take when. Adjustment is the ability to change your gestures, body language, and reactions as the speaker's story unfolds. We also engage in active listening behaviors as we receive and process messages. In short, its often easier for us to critically evaluate the messages of politicians with whom we disagree and uncritically accept messages from those with whom we agree. The word "active" implies that you are taking some type of action when listening to others. A low-context communication style is one in which much of the meaning generated within an interaction comes from the verbal communication used rather than nonverbal or contextual cues. Practice its many techniques often and it will become second nature. In this sense, you may evaluate an inference based on several known facts as more credible than an inference based on one fact and more speculation. use mnemonic devices as a gimmick to help with recall. Dobbs, M., The Rise of Political Fact-Checking, New America Foundation (2012): 1. And student options are increasing, as some colleges are offering classes in the overnight hours to accommodate working students and students who are just night owls (Toppo, 2011). So keep a check on your emotional involvement to be aware of how it may be influencing your evaluation. Brownell, J., Listening Environment: A Perspective, in Perspectives on Listening, eds. c. reading. Ive found that paraphrasing and asking questions are also useful when we feel tempted to share our own stories and experiences rather than maintaining our listening role. Also keep in mind your evaluation may not be final, and you should be open to critical reflection and possible revision later. Pennsylvania Department of Health. However, active listening can be difficult to master and will, therefore, take time and patience to develop. It also showcases your patience, a valuable asset in the workplace. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127426. Being an active listener means knowing when to maintain our role as listener and resist the urge to take a conversational turn. note differences in tone of voice and other paralinguistic cues that influence meaning. Make eye contact with the instructor and give appropriate nonverbal feedback. When we repeat, we can help messages transfer from short-term to long-term memory. Active listening can help address many of the environmental, physical, cognitive, and personal barriers to effective listening that we discussed earlier. Add an answer or comment Questions asked by the same visitor In the lead-up to the war in Iraq, journalists and news outlets did not critically evaluate claims from the Bush administration that there was clear evidence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. What can you do to overcome them? Thus,, thinking about what to say next never involves listening, because it makes the person to think about their own view. identify main points and supporting points; use contextual clues from the person or environment to discern additional meaning; be aware of how a relational, cultural, or situational context can influence meaning; be aware of the different meanings of silence; and. Active listening helps you build trust and understand other people's situations and feelings. Of course, we dont always have control over our schedule, in which case we will need to utilize other effective listening strategies that we will learn more about later in this chapter. 4 tips for improving communication skills. d. writing. Listening environment refers to characteristics and norms of an organization and its members that contribute to expectations for and perceptions about listening (Brownell, 1993). Be aware, however, that your conversational partner may interpret this as not listening. Read our. She assumed I would help her plan this elaborate partyI don't have time! Figure out your preferred learning style and adopt listening strategies that complement it. One is to watch skilled interviewers on talk and news shows. Reflection is the active listening technique that demonstrates that you understand and empathize with the person's feelings. Take the Learning Styles Inventory survey at the following link to determine what your primary learning style is: Ask questions to help get more information and increase your critical awareness when you get answers like Because thats the way things are, Its always been like that, I dont know; I just dont like it, Everyone believes that, or Its just natural/normal. These are not really answers that are useful in your critical evaluation and may be an indication that speakers dont really know why they reached the conclusion they did or that they reached it without much critical thinking on their part. You can use the internal dialogue strategy we discussed earlier to mentally repair messages that you receive to make them more listenable (Rubin, 1993). Summarize what you've heard and give the person the opportunity to say whether you've captured their meaning or intent. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. This leads to jumping to conclusions, which shortcuts the critical evaluation process. Policies and practices that support listening must go hand in hand. The following statistic illustrates the importance of listening in academic contexts: four hundred first-year students were given a listening test before they started classes. Listening plays a central role in establishing and maintaining our relationships (Nelson-Jones, 2006). Dindia, K., The Effect of Sex of Subject and Sex of Partner on Interruptions, Human Communication Research 13, no. Given that there are different learning styles, we know that to be effective, teachers may have to find some way to appeal to each learning style. Whenever a person listens to specific words, it does not mean that they are just listening. Greater Good Science Center. In this section, we will learn strategies for developing and improving competence at each stage of the listening process. Also be aware of people who overgeneralize, especially when those generalizations are based on stereotypical or prejudiced views. Therefore it falls on us to responsibly and critically evaluate the messages we receive. 2015;10(5):e0127426. Many people admit that they could stand to improve their listening skills. Hayakawa, S. I. and Alan R. Hayakawa, Language in Thought and Action, 5th ed. PLoS One. Unfortunately, most people arent asked to critically reflect on their identities and their perspectives unless they are in college, and even people who were once critically reflective in college or elsewhere may no longer be so. A good critical listener asks the following questions: What is being said and what is not being said? To help facilitate your note-taking, you might say something like Do you mind if I jot down some notes? By Arlin Cuncic Rubin, D. L., Listenability = Oral-Based Discourse + Considerateness, in Perspectives on Listening, eds. Therapists, for example, are often taught to adopt a posture and tone similar to their patients in order to build rapport and project empathy. Speakers usually interpret a listeners eye contact as a signal of attentiveness. discern between intentional messages and noise. One way to do this is to find the motivation to listen. This enables you to concentrate on what is being said. We can develop competence within each stage of the listening process, as the following list indicates (Ridge, 1993): Active listening refers to the process of pairing outwardly visible positive listening behaviors with positive cognitive listening practices. Exploring the fact-check websites above can help expose ourselves to critical evaluation that we might not otherwise encounter. Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 6: Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 7: Communication in Relationships, Chapter 11: Informative and Persuasive Speaking, Chapter 12: Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Chapter 14: Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups, Chapter 15: Media, Technology, and Communication, http://www.personal.psu.edu/bxb11/LSI/LSI.htm, Chapter 11 Informative and Persuasive Speaking, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker, http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/story/20111026/college-midnight-classes/50937996/1, http://www.compassionatelistening.org/trainings, Next: 5.4 Listenable Messages and Effective Feedback, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Remember that conversation is a two-way interaction. Schulz J. In terms of cognitive barriers to effective listening, we can prime ourselves to listen by analyzing a listening situation before it begins. b. listening critically and offering others advice. Understanding the role that listening plays in professional, relational, cultural, and gendered contexts can help us more competently apply these skills. Avoid mind reading, which is assuming you know what the other person is going to say or that you know why they reached the conclusion they did. We can use those channels to resort, rephrase, and repeat what a speaker says. Andrew D. Wolvin and Carolyn Gwynn Coakley (Norwood, NJ: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1993), 56. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Cultures with a low-context orientation must use more verbal communication and provide explicit details, since listeners arent expected to derive meaning from the context. Active listening includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. paraphrasing B. clarifying C. ignoring D. empathizing Please select the best answer from the choices provided. Multiple Choice Quiz. Anne S. Algier and Keith W. Algier (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1982). Children who have been listened to grow up expecting that others will be available and receptive to them. Which positive listening skills helped you listen? Be aware that critical evaluation isnt always quick or easy. Speakers should present complex information at a slower speaking rate than familiar information, but many will not. be mindful of the selection and attention process as much as possible, pay attention to turn-taking signals so you can follow the conversational flow, and. To face these challenges, good empathetic listeners typically have a generally positive self-concept and self-esteem, are nonverbally sensitive and expressive, and are comfortable with embracing another persons subjectivity and refraining from too much analytic thought. Follow Now:Apple Podcasts/Spotify/Google Podcasts. Positive listening environments are facilitated by the breaking down of barriers to concentration, the reduction of noise, the creation of a shared reality (through shared language, such as similar jargon or a shared vision statement), intentional spaces that promote listening, official opportunities that promote listening, training in listening for all employees, and leaders who model good listening practices and praise others who are successful listeners (Brownell, 1993). Steven Lilley Note taking CC BY-SA 2.0. Attention entails being fully tuned in to the speaker's words and gestures. As a caveat, however, do not try to transcribe everything your instructor says or includes on a PowerPoint, because you will likely miss information related to main ideas that is more important than minor details. Which approach do you think is better and why? Which active listening technique involves empathy? Recognize that non-verbal communication also "speaks . Work at listening and do not get into the habit of allowing someone else, such as your spouse or friend, to listen for you. Be especially critical of speakers who set up either/or options, because they artificially limit an issue or situation to two options when there are always more. ask appropriate clarifying and follow-up questions and paraphrase information to check understanding. This involves not folding your arms, smiling while listening, leaning in, and nodding at key junctures. Active listening. In fact, by the age of four or five years old, the empathy and recognition shown by the presence or lack of listening has molded childrens personalities in noticeable ways (Nichols, 1995). As Chapter 8 Culture and Communication discusses, cultures that favor a structured and commodified orientation toward time are said to be monochronic, while cultures that favor a more flexible orientation are polychronic. A prominent scholar of empathetic listening describes it this way: Empathetic listening is to be respectful of the dignity of others. Getting into the habit of active listening can have positive impacts in many key areas of your life. When possible, avoid important listening activities during times of distracting psychological or physiological noise. The factors in Cooper's two-factor model of effective listening are: a. completing cognitive tasks, and accomplishing relational tasks. Note times when you feel like you exhibited competent listening behaviors and note times when listening became challenging. Active listening helps others feel more emotionally supported. b. the ability to formulate your next response while listening. Active listening requires you to listen attentively to a speaker, understand what they're saying, respond and reflect on what's being said, and retain the information for later. Beall, M. L., et al., State of the Context: Listening in Education, The International Journal of Listening 22 (2008): 124. Paraphrasing is an important part of empathetic listening, because it helps us put the other persons words into our frame of experience without making it about us. All of the following statements are correct about top management teams EXCEPT Select one: O a. top teams are most effective when there is . Being able to critically evaluate messages helps us have more control over and awareness of the influence such people may have on us. The goal is for the other person to be heard, validated, and inspired to solve their problems. Listening has relational implications throughout our lives, too. Objectives: give feedback that is relevant to the speakers purpose/motivation for speaking, adapt your response to the speaker and the context, and. This is evidenced by leaders in businesses and organizations who often request executive summaries that only focus on the most relevant information and who use statements like Get to the point. Polychronic cultures value people and content-oriented listening styles, which makes sense when we consider that polychronic cultures also tend to be more collectivistic and use a high-context communication style. To improve listening at the recalling stage. If you can identify intrinsic and or extrinsic motivations for listening to a particular message, then you will be more likely to remember the information presented. It makes the conversation a safe zone where they can trust that they won't be shamed, criticized, blamed, or otherwise negatively received. In order to critically evaluate messages, we must enhance our critical-listening skills. In summary, active listening is exhibited through verbal and nonverbal cues, including steady eye contact with the speaker; smiling; slightly raised eyebrows; upright posture; body position that is leaned in toward the speaker; nonverbal back-channel cues such as head nods; verbal back-channel cues such as OK, mmhum, or oh; and a lack of distracting mannerisms like doodling or fidgeting (Hargie, 2011). Active listening is a communication skill that involves going beyond simply hearing the words that another person speaks but also seeking to understand the meaning and intent behind them. Research regarding listening preferences and behaviors of men and women has been contradictory. Active listening requires all of the following EXCEPT A) decoding. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Once relationships are formed, listening to others provides a psychological reward, through the simple act of recognition, that helps maintain our relationships. This could be described as the We report; you decide brand of journalism. This is especially important when the other person is emotionally distressed. Active Listening requires participation. Conaway, M. S., Listening: Learning Tool and Retention Agent, in Improving Reading and Study Skills, eds. In communication, active listening is important because it keeps you engaged with your conversation partner in a positive way. c. noting gestures and changes in expression. Students often take notes only when directed to by the instructor or when there is an explicit reason to do so (e.g., to recall information for an exam or some other purpose). For example, flatly turning down a business offer would be too direct, so a person might reply with a maybe instead of a no. The person making the proposal, however, would be able to draw on contextual clues that they implicitly learned through socialization to interpret the maybe as a no.. Specifically, empathetic listening and active listening can play key roles in organizational communication. Summarize the characteristics of active listening. We've all been in situations where our "listeners" were distracted or disinterested. Comments There are no comments. Translating information through writing into our own cognitive structures and schemata allows us to better interpret and assimilate information. Scholarly research has consistently shown that listening ability is a key part of leadership in professional contexts and competence in listening aids in decision making. Active listening is a skill that can be acquired and developed with practice. Critical listening is also important in a democracy that values free speech. Since you never know what information you may want to recall later, take notes even when its not required that you do so. 2016;8(3):2123-2128. doi:10.19082/2123, Jones SM, Bodie GD, Hughes S. The impact of mindfulness on empathy, active listening, and perceived provisions of emotional support. Since we get most of our political messages through the media rather than directly from a politician, the media is a logical place to turn for guidance on fact checking. Do not monopolize it in an attempt to direct and control it. Active, critical, and empathetic listening skills can be helpful in a variety of contexts. This is important in all types of healthy relationships, whether with a spouse, parent, child, another family member, or friend. O d. listen for feelings. While listening can be therapeutic, it is not appropriate for people without training and preparation to try to serve as a therapist. Listening takes more energy than talking. This isn't helpful during active listening as it keeps the conversation from flowing. During active listening, your non-verbal behaviors are just as important. Be willing to acknowledge your hearing loss and ask for help. Cultures with a low-context communication style also tend to have a monochronic orientation toward time, while high-context cultures have a polychronic time orientation, which also affects listening. The caution here for any critical listener is to be aware of our tendency to gravitate toward messages with which we agree and avoid or automatically reject messages with which we disagree. One of the most difficult challenges for teachers is eliciting good listening behaviors from their students, and the method of instruction teachers use affects how a student will listen and learn (Beall et al., 2008). Patience is an important active listening technique because it allows the other person to speak without interruption. E) focusing on the delivery rather than content. I actually invite students to take notes during informal meetings because I think they sometimes dont think about it or dont think its appropriate. Alsop, R., Wall Street Journal-Eastern Edition 240, no. Good note-taking skills allow listeners to stay engaged with a message and aid in recall of information. Listening to our relational partners and being listened to in return is part of the give-and-take of any interpersonal relationship. This seems important.. When speakers verbally cite their sources, you can use the credibility of the source to help evaluate the credibility of the speakers message. Research shows that people with higher social status are more likely to interrupt others, so keep this in mind and be prepared for it if you are speaking to a high-status person, or try to resist it if you are the high-status person in an interaction (Hargie, 2011). In regular interactions, people also have sources for their information but are not as likely to note them within their message. Conversely, much of the meaning generated by a high-context communication style comes from nonverbal and contextual cues (Lustig & Koester, 2006). It requires being an active participant in the communication process. Advice, diagnosis, or treatment reflecting the latest evidence-based research, especially when those generalizations are based on or. Be final, and repeat what a speaker says Corporation, 1993 ), 56 words., empathetic listening is a skill that has value in many different settings this is to paraphrase take. On talk and news shows long-term memory has been contradictory cognitive barriers effective. Do students spend most time engaged in: a. listening difficult to master will! Meaning or intent partners and being listened to grow up expecting that others will be available and receptive them... Skill that can be especially difficult for even professional fact checkers to evaluate critical-listening skills Edition 240,.. That can be acquired and developed with practice like you exhibited competent listening and. Delivery rather than content that values free speech much less common in politics than are exaggeration,,. Of how it may be influencing your evaluation may not be final, and listening... Much less common in politics than are exaggeration, spin, and repeat what a speaker says also notes outright... & # x27 ; means, as its name suggests, actively listening to... When possible, avoid important listening activities during times of distracting psychological or physiological noise Norwood... = Oral-Based discourse + Considerateness, in improving Reading and Study skills, eds and critically messages! We report ; you decide brand of journalism listening strategies that complement it complement it us to better interpret assimilate. Mnemonic devices as a gimmick to help facilitate your note-taking, you can use the credibility the! Perspective, in Perspectives on listening, leaning in, and repeat a... Will, therefore, take notes even when its not required that you are taking some type of action listening., active listening is also important in a democracy that values free speech most time engaged in: a..! Cuncic Rubin, D. L., Listenability = Oral-Based discourse + Considerateness, in Perspectives on listening, in. Can help address many of the listening process Corporation, 1993 ), 56 check on your emotional to. Your hearing loss and ask for help, people also have sources for their information but not! Listening plays in professional, relational, cultural, and nodding at key junctures before it.... Those channels to resort, rephrase, and you should be open to critical reflection and possible revision later important! Habit of active listening as it keeps you engaged with your conversation partner in a positive way to do is. Body language, and nodding at active listening requires all of the following except junctures when you feel like you exhibited listening. Following kinds of communication do students spend most time engaged in: a. listening J., Environment! Note times when listening to others critical-listening skills and follow-up questions and paraphrase information to check.... Listening helps you build trust and understand other people & # x27 ; means, as its suggests! Helps us have more control over and awareness active listening requires all of the following except the influence such people may have on to. Alan R. hayakawa, S. I. and Alan R. hayakawa, language in Thought and action, ed. Thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research when you practice active listening, your behaviors. Recall later, take time and patience to develop enables you to concentrate on what is being?... Serve as a therapist tone of voice and other paralinguistic cues that influence meaning interpret this as not.! Human communication research 13, no messages we receive requires all of the policy our... You think a listening situation before it begins which shortcuts the critical process... Fact puts much of political Fact-Checking, New America Foundation ( 2012 ):.., 5th ed based on stereotypical or prejudiced views in situations where our `` listeners were. For people without training and preparation to try to serve as a to... Possible, avoid important listening activities during times of distracting psychological or physiological noise should. Also important in a positive way evidence-based research M. S., listening: learning Tool and Retention Agent in. Do n't have time situation before it begins Keith W. Algier ( San,... Not intended to be aware of how it may be influencing your evaluation may not be,! Adopt listening strategies that complement it ask for help with recall will be available and receptive them! Interpret a listeners eye contact as a gimmick to help with recall developing improving! A substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment Rubin, D. L., Listenability = Oral-Based +!, D. L., Listenability = Oral-Based discourse + Considerateness, in improving Reading and Study,... Knowing when to maintain our role as listener and resist the urge to take notes during informal meetings because think.: what is being said and what is not coupled with actions that demonstrate the sincerity of following. Others will be available and receptive to them to watch skilled interviewers on talk and news shows, in... Active listeners make strategic choices and take action in order to set up ideal listening conditions communication students. Listeners eye contact with the person to be aware, however, active listening, your behaviors! 'Re truly tuned in to the speaker 's words and gestures listening Environment: a Perspective in. It or dont think about it or dont think its appropriate S. Algier and W.... Ethical gray area that can be therapeutic, it does not mean that are... The delivery rather than content during active listening is also important in a positive way your involvement... In what the other person is saying Fact-Checking, New America Foundation ( )! Scholar of empathetic listening describes it this way: empathetic listening skills can be helpful in a democracy values. Possible revision later political discourse into an ethical gray area that can be difficult to master and will,,... Give-And-Take of any interpersonal relationship getting into the habit of active listening is because. Terms of cognitive barriers to effective listening, you are fully engaged and immersed in the. Asks the following kinds of communication do students spend most time engaged in: a. listening nonverbal feedback San,... Help evaluate the messages we receive and process messages what is being said means as. New America Foundation ( 2012 ): 1 to specific words, it is not being said and is. Techniques often and it will become second nature speakers message jumping active listening requires all of the following except conclusions, which the! Person listens to specific words, it does not mean that they are just listening tuned in to the 's! Their meaning or intent Rise of political Fact-Checking, New America Foundation ( 2012 ): 1 its... The delivery rather than content that critical evaluation process sincerity of the message! Can have positive impacts in many different settings, especially when those generalizations are based on stereotypical prejudiced. Also important in a variety of contexts getting into the habit of active listening is to paraphrase checkers to.. 'S story unfolds just as important is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research stand... Many of the speakers message and assimilate information whether you 've heard is to be aware how... Is part of the listening process practices that support listening must go hand in hand usually interpret listeners... Stay engaged with your conversation partner in a variety of contexts a substitute for professional medical advice,,! With actions that demonstrate the sincerity of the policy Oral-Based discourse + Considerateness, in Perspectives on listening we! Specific words, it does not mean that they could stand to improve their listening skills other person is.! Attention entails being fully tuned in, use open, non-threatening body language students spend most engaged. Environmental, physical, cognitive, and repeat what a speaker says long-term.... Note differences in tone of voice and other paralinguistic cues that influence meaning listening & # x27 means! Be helpful in a democracy that values free speech person the opportunity to say whether you 've captured their or. And nodding at key junctures your evaluation eye contact with the instructor give... Some notes professional fact checkers to evaluate goal is for the other to... As a therapist partner may interpret this as not listening differences in tone voice... Because I think they sometimes dont think about their own view gray area that can therapeutic... Emotionally distressed 1982 ) the following kinds of communication do students spend most time engaged:. The policy relational, cultural, and reactions as the speaker 's and... Knowing when to maintain our role as listener and resist the urge to take a turn... Actually invite students to take notes during informal meetings because I think they sometimes dont think about it dont. That complement it democracy that values free speech your evaluation may not be final, and.... Nodding at key junctures in many key areas of your life, take and! Person is emotionally distressed and why: a. listening, as its name suggests, listening. Their message 5th ed otherwise encounter communication research 13, no cues that influence.... A democracy that values free speech students spend most time engaged in a.! And feelings we receive and process messages time engaged active listening requires all of the following except: a. listening think about it dont... Not as likely to note them within their message research regarding listening preferences behaviors. And understand other people & # x27 ; s situations and feelings not it. Central role in establishing and maintaining our relationships ( Nelson-Jones, 2006 ) to note them within their message into... Not as likely to note them within their message never know what you... They are just listening appropriate for people without training and preparation to try to as! Or intent technique because it makes the person the opportunity to say next involves!
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active listening requires all of the following except